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Food Chain

Food Chain

Do you like to play games? If you do, you will need energy. Every time you run or jump, you are using up energy in your body. How do you get the energy to play? You get energy from the food you eat. Similarly, all living things get energy from their food so that they can move and grow. As food passes through the body, some of it is digested. This process of digestion releases energy.

A food chain shows how each living thing gets its food. Some animals eat plants and some animals eat other animals. For example, a simple food chain links the trees & shrubs, the giraffes (that eat trees & shrubs), and the lions (that eat the giraffes). Each link in this chain is food for the next link. A food chain always starts with plant life and ends with an animal.

1. Plants are called producers because they are able to use light energy from the Sun to produce food (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water.
2. Animals cannot make their own food so they must eat plants and/or other animals. They are called consumers. There are three groups of consumers.
   1. Animals that eat ONLY PLANTS are called herbivores (or primary consumers).
   2. Animals that eat OTHER ANIMALS are called carnivores.
      • carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers
      • carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers
        e.g., killer whales in an ocean food web ... phytoplankton → small fishes → seals → killer whales
3. Animals and people who eat BOTH animals and plants are called omnivores.
4. Then there are decomposer (bacteria and fungi) which feed on decaying matter.
   
   These decomposers speed up the decaying process that releases mineral salts back into the food chain for absorption by plants as nutrients.
   
   What happens in the soil?

Do you know why there are more herbivores than carnivores?

In a food chain, energy is passed from one link to another. When a herbivore eats, only a fraction of the energy (that it gets from the plant food) becomes new body mass; the rest of the energy is lost as waste or used up by the herbivore to carry out its life processes (e.g., movement, digestion, reproduction). Therefore, when the herbivore is eaten by a carnivore, it passes only a small amount of total energy (that it has received) to the carnivore. Of the energy transferred from the herbivore to the carnivore, some energy will be "wasted" or "used up" by the carnivore. The carnivore then has to eat many herbivores to get enough energy to grow.

Because of the large amount of energy that is lost at each link, the amount of energy that is transferred gets lesser and lesser ...

The above energy pyramid shows many trees & shrubs providing food and energy to giraffes. Note that as we go up, there are fewer giraffes than trees & shrubs and even fewer lions than giraffes ... as we go further along a food chain, there are fewer and fewer consumers. In other words, a large mass of living things at the base is required to support a few at the top ... many herbivores are needed to support a few carnivores

2. Most food chains have no more than four or five links.
   
   There cannot be too many links in a single food chain because the animals at the end of the chain would not get enough food (and hence energy) to stay alive.
   
   Most animals are part of more than one food chain and eat more than one kind of food in order to meet their food and energy requirements. These interconnected food chains form a food web.

Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation). It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and development of the universe.

In our solar system, nine planets circle around our Sun. The Sun sits in the middle while the planets travel in circular paths (called orbits) around it. These nine planets travel in the same direction (counter- clockwise looking down from the Sun's north pole). The picture on the right shows the different paths and positions of each planet.


The solar system is made up of two parts:
The inner solar system contains Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. These four planets are closest to the Sun.
The outer solar system contains Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.
The inner planets are separated from the outer planets by the Asteroid Belt.

Life Cycle of Plant

The plant starts life as a seed, which germinates and grows into a plant.

The mature plant produces flowers, which are fertilised and produce seeds in a fruit or seedpod.

The plant eventually dies, leaving seeds which germinate to produce new plants.

1. Annuals take one year to complete their life cycle. 
2. Biennials take two years to complete their life cycle, germinating and growing roots and leaves in their first year, flowering, setting seed and dying in their second year. 
3. Perennials live for several years after germination. 
4. Monocarpic plants produce seeds only once, but may take several years to grow to maturity. The Talipot Palm may live for 60 years or more before it produces flowers and seeds, and it then dies.

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Frog Life Cycle

What is an amphibian?
An amphibian is an animal that lives part of its life in the water and part on land.  Many amphibians begin life with gills to breathe in the water and then develop lungs as they get older.
What are the stages of the frog's life cycle?
Eggs:  Frogs lay thousands of eggs that do not have shells.  They are covered with a jelly-like substance that helps protect them from being eaten by creatures in the water.  The eggs stick together to form frog-spawnthat floats to the top of the water.  A few days later the tadpoles hatch out.
Tadpoles:  Tadpoles have a head, tail and body.  They live under water and breathe through their gills.  They eat algae and other tiny water plants as they swim.  After about a month, a bulge appears at the base of their tail where their hind legs will grow.  They also begin to grow lungs for breathing.
Tadpoles to Froglets:  After seven weeks their hind legs begin to grow.  After nine weeks, front lets grow and their tails are almost gone.  After about twelve weeks the tadpoles can swim to the surface of the water and breathe in air.
Adult Frogs:  After about three months, the tadpoles have become young frogs.  They can live in or out of water and eat insects or worms.

Song

Living and Non-Living Things

Living Things
Living things move, feed, feel things, breathe, grow and reproduce.
Reproduce means to have babies. Plants are alive too even though
we can't see them feeding or breathing!


The head of the school went for a walk at lunch break. This is what they
saw. What is alive and what is not?

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ANSWER..................